Coronaviruses and their Diseases

Zusatztext

Interest in the coronaviruses has never been greater. Their economic impact is considerable as they infect humans, livestock, poultry and companion animals. Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) infection of the mouse and rat central nervous systems are the subject of intense study; these investigations are providing insights into the potential role of viruses in human neurological diseases and, more generally, into mechanisms causing neurological damage. The single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes of two species of these enveloped viruses (IBV and MHV) have been cloned completely and one of them (lBV) sequenced in its entirety, revealing a genome size of some 27000 nucleotides. This has made possible more incisive investigations into the nature of those polypeptides, encoded by more than half of the genome, which are likely to contribute, in the main, to RNA polymerase/replicase activity. Intriguingly, ribosomal frameshifting is exhibited within the mRNA coding for these polypeptides. The cloning/sequencing phase of coronavirology for which the 1980's will be partly remembered, has provided a sound framework for furthex: studies of the virus structural proteins and also some provocative insights relevant to these studies. The large spike glycoprotein(s), responsible for membrane fusion and bearing important antigenic sites, varies amazingly in length and composition both within as well as between coronavirus species. Receptors on host cells have been identified. The integral membrane glycoprotein (M) has been shown to use internal hydrophobic sequences to direct translocation within membranes.

Autorenportrait

InhaltsangabeRevised Nomenclature for Coronavirus Structural Proteins, mRNAs and Genes.- 1. The Spike (S) Glycoprotein.- Background Paper: Functions of Coronavirus Glycoproteins.- Biosynthesis and Function of the Coronavirus Spike Protein.- Functional Analysis of the Coronavirus MHV-JHM Surface Glycoproteins in Vaccinia Virus Recombinants.- Role of pH in Syncytium Induction and Genome Uncoating of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus (IBV).- Is the 110K Glycoprotein the Only Receptor for MHV and Does Its Expression Determine Species Specificity?.- MHV-Resistant SJL/J Mice Express a Non-Functional Homolog to the MHV Receptor Glycoprotein.- Fc Receptor-like Activity of Mouse Hepatitis Virus E2 Glycoprotein.- Mouse Fibroblast Mutants Selected for Survival Against Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection Show Increased Resistance to Infection and Virus-induced Cell Fusion.- On the Membrane Cytopathology of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection as Probed by a Semi-permeable Translation-inhibiting Drug.- Molecular Characterization of the 229E Strain of Human Coronavirus.- Sequence Analysis of the 3? End (8740 Nucleotides) of BECV Genome; Comparison with Homologous MHV Nucleotide Sequence.- 2. The Haemagglutinin-Esterase (HE) and Membrane (M) Glycoproteins.- Background Paper: Coronavirus M and HE: Two Peculiar Glycoproteins.- Structure and Expression of the Bovine Coronavirus Hemagglutinin Protein.- The Haemagglutinin of Bovine Coronavirus Exhibits Significant Similarity to the Haemagglutinin of Type C Influenza Virus.- Isolation and Characterization of the Acetylesterase of Haemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (HEV).- Differential Reactivity of Bovine Coronavirus (BCV) and Influenza C Virus with N-Acetyl-9-O-Acetylneuraminic Acid (NEU5,9AC2)-Containing Receptors.- Expression of the Porcine Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus M Protein.- Expression of MHV-A59. M Glycoprotein: Effects of Deletions on Membrane Integration and Intracellular Transport.- 3. B- and T-Cell Epitopes of The Structural Proteins.- Background Paper: Mapping Epitopes on Coronavirus Glycoproteins.- Binding of Antibodies that Strongly Neutralise Infectious Bronchitis Virus is Dependent on the Glycosylation of the Viral Peplomer Protein.- Enteric Coronavirus TGEV: Mapping of Four Major Antigenic Determinants in the Amino Half of Peplomer Protein E2.- Location of Antigenic Sites of the S-Glycoprotein of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and their Conservation in Coronaviruses.- Topological and Functional Analysis of Epitopes on the S(E2) and HE(E3) Glycoproteins of Bovine Enteric Coronavirus.- Linear Neutralizing Epitopes on the Peplomer Protein of Coronaviruses.- The Nucleocapsid Protein of IBV Comprises Immunodominant Determinants Recognized by T-Cells.- 4: Expression and Immunogenicity of The Structural Proteins.- Background Paper: Progress Towards a Coronavirus Recombinant DNA Vaccine.- Protection of Mice from Lethal Coronavirus MHV-A59 Infection by Monoclonal Affinity-Purified Spike Glycoprotein.- Expression of the Spike Protein of Murine Coronavirus JHM Using a Baculovirus Vector.- Immunogenicity of Recombinant Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Spike Protein in Mice and Kittens.- Expression of TGEV Structural Genes in Virus Vectors.- 5: TBE Nucleocapsid (N) Protein.- Background Paper: Functions of the Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein.- Structure and Function Studies of the Nucleocapsid Protein of Mouse Hepatitis Virus.- MHV Leader RNA Secondary Structure Affects Binding to the Nucleocapsid Protein.- In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Demyelinating Disease: A Phosphoprotein Phosphatase in Host Cell Endosomes Dephosphorylating the Nucleocapsid Protein of Coronavirus JHM.- In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Demyelinating Disease: Possible Relationship Between Induction of Regulatory Subunit from cAMP Dependent Protein Kinase and Inhibition of JHMV Replication in Cultured Oligodendrocytes.- 6: The Polymerase and Other Non-Structural Proteins.- A Ribosomal Frameshift Signal in the Po

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