The European Union and the World Trade Organisation - Two governance systems in trade policy: A selection of their differences, similarities and mutual influences

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Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: European Union, grade: 1,0 (A), Hamburg University of Ecomomy and Policy (Political Science), course: Globalisation and European Governance, language: English, abstract: In general terms, both the European Union (EU) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)can be described as governance systems:Governance is about the structured ways and means in which the divergent preferences ofinterdependent actors are translated into policy choices to allocate values, so that theplurality of interests is transformed into co-ordinated action and the compliance of actors isachieved.1This essay cannot reflect all aspects of the two governance systems, but is limited to aselection of their differences, similarities and mutual influences. After the opening remarkalludes to a similarity, the differences will be touched upon next.The individual characteristics of the EU and the WTO become particularly obvious in theinstitutional set-ups of the two organisations: In the case of the EU one deals with asupranational organisation, what means that the current 15 member states partly transfersovereign rights to the organisation, thus rendering the EU a partly independent andpowerful policy actor.In comparison, the WTO is an intergovernmental organisation, in which its 146 membersnegotiate without transferring any sovereignity to the organisation, thus depriving the WTOof any independence in policy decisions 2.The WTO is a broad international organisation, its members accounting for over 90 % of alltrade in the world, whereas the EU, being a member of the WTO, is a geographicallylimited and closely integrated organisation. Even though the EU represents just 6 % of theworlds population, it accounts for more than a fifth of global imports and exports3.Concerning the relationship between the two organisations, their origins had an importantinfluence: The WTO was founded in 1995 as a successor of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade (GATT) from 1947. [...]1 Beate Kohler-Koch/ Rainer Eising (eds.): The Transformation of Governance in the European Union.London, New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 5.2 Mary Farrell (ed.): EU and WTO regulatory frameworks. Complementarity or competition? London: KoganPage, 1999, p. 44.3 European Union: Making globalisation work for everyone.The European Union and world trade.Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003, p. 4.

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